APA (American Psychological Association) 5^th ed. References

Directions: Read the generic Form. Then compare it with the Example for a real source. If you are having difficulty, look up the source shown in the example in Unistar, InfoTrac or LexisNexis to compare to the APA format given in the example.

Some APA rules may be generalized to all entries and others only apply to one type, such as an encyclopedia. Here are those that apply to ALL entries:

Author(s). Always put the last name first, followed by a comma, and the First initial, and the Middle initial (if the middle initial is available, you should use it).
If more than one, use all authors (up to 6). Always list in order given in their book or article!
Editor. If there is an editor(s), and no author, use the editor(s) first, in place of the author.
If there are both authors and editors, see checklist of frequently asked questions for an example.
The date is always second.
If there is no author, move the title ahead of the date, then continue as normal.
Titles have only first word, proper nouns, & first word of subtitle capitalized and are in italics
Place is always City, ST (U.S. Postal Codes – 2 letters, no periods) or spell out the country.

Exceptions: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco AND Amsterdam, Jerusalem, London, Milan, Moscow, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Tokyo, Vienna. If more than 1 city is given, use only the first American one.

#1 General Encyclopedia Form (Paper copy)

Author, F. M. (year). Title of article only first word and proper nouns capitalized. In Title of encyclopedia only first word and proper nouns capitalized (Vol. #, pp. #-#). City, ST: Publisher.

Example with two authors

Charamut, W., & Covill, D. H. (2003). Naples and art. In Encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 27, pp. 402-409). Danbury, CT: Grolier.

#2 General Encyclopedia Form (Electronic, and with no author)

Title of article only first word and proper nouns capitalized. (year). In Title of encyclopedia only first word and proper nouns capitalized. Electronic version].

Example with no author

Covered bridges. (2005). In Encyclopedia Britannica [Electronic version].

#3 Subject Encyclopedia Form (This is a type of book, see also Book Form below)

Editor, F. M. (Ed.). (year). Title in italics, capitalize only first word and proper nouns such as Iowa or Iowans: Subtitles after a colon or semicolon have first word capitalized (# ed., Vols. #-#). City, ST: Publisher.

Example with three editors (if two or more, put & sign before the final name & use (Eds.).

Siegel, J. A., Saukko, P. J., & Knupfer, G. C. (Eds.). (2000). Encyclopedia of forensic sciences. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Example with two authors (if two or more, put & sign before the final name)

Navarra, T., & Lipkowitz, M. A. (1996). Encyclopedia of vitamins, minerals and supplements. New York: Facts on File.

#4 Any Book Form – Reference or Stacks (see also Subject Encyclopedia Form above)

Author, F. M. (year). Title in italics, capitalize only first word and proper nouns such as Iowa or Iowans: Subtitles after a colon or semicolon have first word capitalized (# ed.). City, ST: Publisher.

Example with 1 author, 3^rd edition, and multiple volumes in set

Kutler, S. I. (2003). Dictionary of American history (3^rd ed., Vols. 1-10). New York: Thomson Learning.

Example that states “with” another person who’s not a full author; example has a subtitle

Schoch, R. M. (with McNally, R. A.). (2003). Voyages of the pyramid builders: The true origins of the pyramids, from lost Egypt to ancient America. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam.

#5 Government Document Form

Author, F. M. OR Government Agency. (year). Title in italics only first word and proper nouns capitalized: Proper nouns includes committee names. (Supt. of Docs number found where says Call #). City, ST: Publisher.

Example, government agency as author and long title

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Antitrust, Business Rights, and Competition. (2001). Competition and safety in the delivery of anesthesia services: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Business Rights, and Competition of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, June 7, 2000. (Y 4.J 89/2:S.HRG.106-1008). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Example, shorter author and title, electronic version

National Centers for Environmental Prediction. (2000). Strategic plan, 2000-2005: NCEP's vision: Where America's climate and weather services begin [Electronic version]. Washington, DC: National Centers for Environmental Prediction.

#6 Journal Articles Form - Paper Copy (if you use the article in full text, see electronic form)

Author, F. M. (year). Title of article with only first word and proper nouns capitalized. Title of Journal in Italics and Normally Capitalized, volume in italics(issue in parentheses), page range.

Example with issue number and page numbers (paper copy)

Caldas, J. C. S., Pais-Ribeiro, J. L., & Carneiro, S. R. (2004). General anesthesia, surgery and hospitalization in children and their effects upon cognitive, academic, emotional and sociobehavioral development – a review. Pediatric Anesthesia, 14(11), 910-915.

Example if no issue number available

#7 Journal Full Text Form – Full Text copy (if you use it in print copy, use paper copy format)

Example (copy retrieved electronically in full text from InfoTrac)

Example full-text and with more than 6 authors, use et al. after 6 people

Field, A. E., Austin, S. B., Camargo, C. A., Jr., Taylor, C. B., Striegel-Moore, R. H., Loud, K. J., et al. (2005). Exposure to the mass media, body shape concerns, and use of supplements to improve weight and shape among male and female adolescents. Pediatrics, 116(2). Retrieved January 6, 2006, from InfoTrac database.

#8 Newspaper Form (from LexisNexis)

Author, F. M. (year, month day). Title of article with only first word and proper nouns capitalized. Title of Newspaper in Italics and Normally Capitalized. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from LexisNexis database.

Example

Szep, J. (2005, December 7). Right-to-die case involves beaten girl; Stepfather asks that the child he is accused of putting in vegetative state be kept alive. The Houston Chronicle. Retrieved December 13, 2005, from LexisNexis database.

#9 Web Sites Form : .org or .gov or .mil (year is either created or last updated)

Title in italics, capitalize only first word and proper nouns such as Iowa or Iowans: Subtitles after a colon or semicolon have first word capitalized. (year). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

Example [not a link (right click, remove hyperlink); word wrapped (break after / or before . )]

Rediscover Ancient Egypt with Tehuti Research Foundation: The Egyptian pyramids. (2004). Retrieved January 8, 2006, from http://www.egypt-tehuti.org/pyramids.html

Bibliography Checklist– Remember you can find copies of the APA manual at the Reference Desk and at the Multiservice Desk!

___ I have one space after punctuation marks, including periods after initials -- except inside ( ).

___ Each citation ends with a period, except the web page.

___ I have used only author’s last names and first and middle [if available] initials. An author with

Jr. or the III is written as: Larson, J. R., Jr. or Larson, J. R., III

___ I have included ALL authors’ names, up to 6. [Found in Unistar Title line after the / & before ;]

___ If the author is an agency as author, I have capitalized all nouns.

___ If entry is by editor’s name, I have included (Ed.). or (Eds.). if more than one, after the name.

___ If there is no author or editor, I have entered by title first.

___ The date is the second part of all citations.

___ The title of books and journals and newspapers, gov documents and web pages are in italics.

___ The titles of articles are NOT in italics.

___ There is one item in italics in every citation! (in journals-both journal AND volume in italics)

___ Only journal and newspaper titles are capitalized as you would “normally” capitalize titles.

___ If there is a subtitle after a colon: semicolon; or ? the first word of the subtitle is capitalized.

___ If there is an edition statement or I need the Superintendent of Docs number, the information is in ( ) after the title. If the edition is not stated, assume it is the 1^st and you need not include it.

___ Unless the city is an exception, I have included the state’s 2 capital letter Post Office form or written out the name of the country. Canadian provinces also are written out.

___ Only in the case of NO place of publication, use s.l. and NO publisher, use s.n. If NO date can be found, use (n.d.) in place of the year.

___ If the publisher has “Publishers”, “Co.” or “Inc.” in the name, drop off that portion.

___ Write out any abbreviations, not specified in APA as acceptable, for example, in Government Documents, frequently published by GPO, you write out Government Printing Office.

___ If using multiple volumes of the title, use (Vols. 1-3) for the number used or if using only one, use (Vol. 3) for whichever one you used, after the title.

___ If there is an author AND an editor or translator, put the author at the beginning and then after the title, put (J. D. Smith, Ed.). or (J. D. Smith, Trans.). as appropriate.